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Sunday, August 23, 2020
Friday, August 21, 2020
Nokia Values That Make a Company Global Free Essays
string(36) the Intellectual Capital Partners. Vital Hr MaNaGeMeNT contextual analysis with showing notes Nokia: Values That Make a Company Global By Geraldine Willigan, MBA Project group Author: SHRM venture giver: External patron: Copy altering: Design: Geraldine Willigan, MBA Nancy A. Woolever, SPHR Ram Charan, Ph. D. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nokia: Values That Make a Company Global or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Katya Scanlan, duplicate editorial manager Terry Biddle, visual planner à © 2009 Society for Human Resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBA. This case was set up by Geraldine Willigan, MBA, previous supervisor at Harvard Business Review, under management of Ram Charan, Ph. D. , previous employee at Harvard Business School, champ of best instructor grant at Northwestern Universityââ¬â¢s Kellogg School of Management, and a normal educator in official projects over the globe. The creators thankfully recognize the assistance of Juha Akras, Ian Gee, Antti Miettinen, Arja Souminen, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, Hallstein Moerk, Tero Ojanpera and Shiv Shivakumar. Note to Hr workforce and educators: SHRM cases and modules are expected for use in HR homerooms at colleges. Instructing notes are incorporated with each. While our present plan is to make the materials accessible without charge, we claim all authority to force charges should we esteem it important to help the program. Be that as it may, at present, these assets are accessible gratis to all. If you don't mind copy just the quantity of duplicates required, one for every understudy in the class. For more data, if you don't mind contact: SHRM Academic Initiatives 1800 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA Phone: (800) 283-7476 Fax: (703) 535-6432 Web: www. shrm. organization/instruction/hreducation 09-0353 Nokia: Values That Make a Company Global Presentation In the late spring of 2006, the worldwide serious scene wherein Nokia was working was changing at an astoundingly quick pace. Market development was moving to rising nations, cell phones were being commoditized, handset costs were declining, systems were joining (Nokia had recently combined its own systems foundation business with that of Siemens, framing Nokia Siemens Networks, or NSN), Microsoft and Apple were making pushes toward cell phones, new innovations were being created, and new vital open doors were emerging as cell phones were turning into the entryway to the Internet. To win in such a quick paced and strongly serious condition, the organization needed to move with speed and make a brilliant showing of fulfilling purchasers. Dynamic would need to happen at the most reduced conceivable level to mirror the characteristics of the nearby markets while utilizing the intensity of Nokiaââ¬â¢s assorted individuals, its image, its money related assets, and its innovation and structure aptitude. Cooperation among local people and base camp and among different societies and accomplices was vital. Nokia led broad meetings with individuals inside and outside the organization, including accomplices and providers, to see how Nokia was seen and how it may need to change. That exploration educated a number regarding activities and restored the attention on Nokiaââ¬â¢s culture and, specifically, its qualities. From Paper Mill to Conglomerate to Global Brand Nokia, headquartered in Espoo, close to Helsinki, Finland, is the worldââ¬â¢s biggest versatile handset producer. It holds somewhere in the range of 40 percent of the worldwide gadget advertise as of the second quarter of 2008. It works in 150 nations and had in excess of 117,000 representatives, including NSN, starting late June 2008. It is the first class brand all around. Yearly incomes for 2007 were $74. 6 billion (51. 1 billion euros). The organization started in the late 1800s as a paper factory, at that point developed into a differentiated modern organization and was an early contestant in the portable time during the 1980s. During the 1990s, CEO Jorma Ollila rebuilt the combination to concentrate on cell phones and media communications, and Nokia turned into the innovation and market pioneer, beginning first in Europe, at that point extending to the United States and many other 2009 Society for Human asset Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 1 created and developing economies, including China and India. In the mid 2000s, Nokia was quickly tested by Motorola and Samsung yet had the option to keep up and soon to expand the lead. In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo (OPK, as he is known at Nokia) became CEO. Nokiaââ¬â¢s technique around then was changed to cover both the cell phone advertise just as administrations and programming. In 2007, Nokia reported that it would turn out to be progressively similar to an Internet organization. Changing the Culture for the New Challenges As Nokiaââ¬â¢s pioneers contemplated what might hold individuals together and improve cooperation and speed over their huge worldwide organization, they showed up at an answerââ¬culture, of which esteems had for quite some time been an establishment. Qualities adjust peopleââ¬â¢s hearts and passionate vitality and characterize how Nokia representatives (ââ¬Å"Nokiansâ⬠) work with one another and the remainder of the world. Since Nokiaââ¬â¢s existing qualities had been unaltered for over 10 years and research appeared there was some vacillation about them inside, the official load up, included the CEO and around twelve senior pioneers, concluded the time had come to reconsider the qualities. OPK chose a group of individuals to make a procedure for doing as such. The test to the group was to get all the individuals of Nokia mentally locked in. With regards to Nokiaââ¬â¢s culture, the qualities would need to be the consequence of ââ¬Å"the manyâ⬠speaking with ââ¬Å"the many. â⬠Assigning this errand was not trifling. It necessitated that senior administration be resolved to live with the result. The qualities that rose up out of the base up would need to be paid attention to and stickââ¬or the association would be genuinely hurt. As the group got the opportunity to work and investigated the alternatives, they established that the best methodology is consolidate cutting edge and high touch. The innovative piece of the qualities creation procedure would be through the ââ¬Å"Nokia Jamâ⬠ââ¬using IBMââ¬â¢s Jamming innovation that would permit all Nokians to take part in an online exchange. The hightouch part would get using the World Cafe strategy. The World Cafe strategy had jumped up in the mid 1990s to oblige an enormous gathering of individuals from different controls and remote around the globe who needed to examine issues of regular intrigue. 2 That gathering was known as the Intellectual Capital Partners. You read Nokia: Values That Make a Company Global in classification Papers To make a casual discussion among such a large number of individuals, members were isolated into little gatherings situated around tables to examine a given inquiry. The gatherings would then over and again scatter and people would turn to different tables, so thoughts were dispersed, cross-pollinated and consolidated. As the discussions proceeded, facilitators ordered the thoughts that rose. The World Cafe technique had been utilized in some little pockets inside Nokia however had never been taken a stab at a companywide scale. The idea was correct, however it was unrealistic for every one of the 50,000 or more Nokians to straightforwardly take part in an exchange. So the thought developed to have a subset of individuals from across Nokia get together to talk about Nokia values with an absolutely fresh start, as though they were reproducing Nokia on the planet Mars. 2 à © 2009 Society for Human asset Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa An outing to Mars turned into the analogy for amassing a cross-segment of Nokians to take an interest in the World Cafe design and make the new qualities. Nokiaââ¬â¢s Trip to Mars Nokia created 5,000 rich, outwardly energizing solicitations that seemed as though tickets and carrier tickets. These were sent in packs through snail mail to individuals at different authoritative levels and useful zones, including HR, in every one of the specialty units. The guidance to the beneficiaries was to figure out how to arbitrarily circulate their pack to individuals in their workplaces and production lines whom they would trust to have a conversation about Nokiaââ¬â¢s qualities and culture. The beneficiaries could likewise save a ticket for themselves. Each ticket was in a ââ¬Å"walletâ⬠that depicted what Nokia was doing. It expressed the present qualities and gave guidelines for how to continue, first by setting off to the Nokia Way site to find out more and to enlist for a bistro in their neighborhood. Members additionally got two gear labels, which they should talk about with their associates already: a green one, which spoke to the qualities or thoughts Nokia ought to make certain to take with it as the organization pushed ahead, and a dark one, for things that could be deserted. Nokia held 16 bistros in 60 days around the globe. In excess of 100 workers speaking to a cross-segment of Nokia went to every one. The day of the bistro, little gatherings talked about a foreordained arrangement of inquiries. One individual filled in as host and remained at the table while every other person pivoted to different tables, in the long run coming back to their unique spots. Individuals had paid attention to the arrangement very and met their groups early; some brought piles of paper with different notes and thoughts. As the conversations occurred, thoughts started to develop and join. Facilitators caught them graphically and in composed contents. The yields from every bistro were then transferred to the Nokia Way site, and everybody at Nokia approached it and was welcome to remark. A few thousand additional workers had the option to take part in the discourse through the methods for the site, offering their thoughts and making recommendations and some of the time posing inquiries they trusted the following bistro would address. The meetings were likewise recorded and altered into short video writes that were so clever and drawing in that they logged around 30,000 visits. The video web journals, as well, evoked remarks from individual
Tuesday, July 14, 2020
The Ecology Of English Language In Saudi Arabia Article
The Ecology Of English Language In Saudi Arabia Article The Ecology Of English Language In Saudi Arabia â" Article Example > According to Haugen, language ecology refers to the study of communications between any given languages as well as its environment. The range and scope of the application of the known concept of âecologyâ has widened dramatically. The ecology of English in Saudi Arabia is closely linked to 19th century. It was established by the British protectorate during the colonial era. Saudi Arabians are known to be Arab speakers. However, due to British trade interest in various regions of Saudi Arabia, English began to develop. Even though, the Arabic language is still used, survey shows that English is widely spoken, especially in areas such as businesses (Haugen Pp 12-24). Saudi Arabia population is estimated to be over 18.7 million in the year 1995. According to the 1992 census, ¼ of its population were particularly the expatriate workers from the Middle East, Asia or Africa. An estimate of about 90% its population is basically Arabs, either Saudi citizens or workers. Their official language is Arabic. The remaining 10% speak English language. English is a language that is mostly used in a wider communication among the multilingual workforce. Arabic is commonly referred to as âthe language of the government, education as well as commerce, but English is used at tertiary level to teach science and medicine (Cry Pp 427-456). 1. Classification of EnglishEnglish is a Germanic language which originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects. English refers to an indo-European language of Germanic branch which has had several significant contributions from other languages. It is mostly influenced by every other language family, including Romantic (French, Romanian, French, Italian) and even Semitic (Hebrew, Arabic) language family. Basically, the original English language was influenced by two waves of invasion, these includes; the Germanic language family and the Normans. People spoke Norman language before English developed. Consequently, the two invasion developed Engli sh which become âmixedâ to some extent. Cohabitation with the Germanic language resulted in a significant grammatical and lexical of English. English is a member of the indo- European family. Indo-European are said to have lived in the western Asia or rather the Eastern Europe. It belongs to the Germanic branch; its closet relatives are Dutch, Yiddish, Afrikaans and Frisian. English has adopted different words from other languages. Some of the examples of Indo- Iranian language, includes; Urdu, Hindi etc. the influence of Indo-European language can be seen today. The word for father, for instance, is vater in German. This is a clear indication of where English developed as a language. There is a close correlation between English words and those of the German (Pennycook Pp238-289). 2. Learners and usersLearners and Users of English in Saudi Arabia include students, religious purposes, business men, immigrants, ordinary people and many more. For example, Saudi Arabian student ob tain this studies either at their home place or as part of the school curriculum in an Anglophone nation that they mostly visit as educational tourist. Students were taught the funder mental of the Islamic faith- for instance, the correct performance of the five daily prayers. Teachers encouraged most of their student to learn English as a foreign language. Its benefits have allowed learners to develop ecological and interpersonal perception in the language.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Absolute Vodka Defending A1.0-Executive Summary VS...
Absolute Vodka: Defending a1.0-Executive Summary VS group, a Swedish company owned by the government created VS Spirits to produce market and sell Absolut Vodka which is the companyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s strongest brand (created in 1979). To maximise the brandà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s market share and strengthen its competitive position, the company established a jointed venture called Future Brands LLC to distribute its products more effectively strictly in the USA, which is Absolutà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s strongest market. Although the brand is the second largest premium vodka, its market share is threatened by the constant growth of the market leader Smirnoff. Therefore, VS Spirits need to take further measures to ensure its brandà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s image and market share is protected and advanced. VSà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Since its launching in 1979, the brand has continued to achieve enormous success with a steady increase in sales volume and is now being sold in 12 6 markets nationwide, with North America being its top market. In the year of 2001 and in an attempt to be more aggressive in terms of increasing the brandà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s market share, VS Spirits formed a joint venture with Beam Global Spirits called Future Brands LLC to distribute Absolut Vodka strictly in the USA which is by far considered the brands strongest market. Additionally, the company acquired shares in Maxxium Worldwide which became the distributor of Absolut Vodka in 60 other major markets around the world. Although Absolut Vodka retains a strong position in its market segment, the brand is faced by the constant and threatening growth of Smirnoff, its biggest competitor and the worldà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s market leader. Furthermore, Absolutà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s position in its biggest market, the USA has reached saturation and has low brand awareness in major markets like Eastern Europe (which is a strong consumer of vodka) compared to Smirnoff. Therefore, further analys is and action need to be taken by VS either to preserve or to increase its strongest brandà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s market share 4.0-Advantage/Disadvantages of joint venture: The decision of VS to form a joint venture with Jim Beam brands and establish its own distribution company in 2001 seems to
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Media And Television Influences People s View Of Reality
The theory that suggests the media and television influences peopleââ¬â¢s view of reality. George Gerbner and Larry Gross and a few other associates developed cultivation theory in 1976. ââ¬Å"Cultivation Theory postulates that as individuals are exposed to more of a certain kind of television programs, each exposure plants sees that grow into a perspective that is largely influenced by the themes presented in the programs,â⬠(Gerbner p.15). There are different assumptions regarding the Cultivation Theory and why it is believed accurate. One being, television is technically different from other forms of media because it tends to be more influential, or that television shapes ones beliefs as well as attitude about other people and society itself, and that television does not show reality, but tends to create an alternate reality. Cultivation theory focuses mainly on television and not on other aspects of media because television is related to almost all ages and has been arou nd longer than other mediums. Television is a primary source of socialization as well everyday information. It is a centralized system of storytelling via news, dramas, commercials, and much more. The difference in the level of cultivation between various television viewers is known as cultivation differential. The different types of televisions viewers are heavy and light. Heavy viewers tend to watch an average of four or more hours of television per day. A light viewer watches an average of two or less hoursShow MoreRelatedWhy is important to study the media, rather than simply consume it?1631 Words à |à 7 PagesThe media is a dynamic entity inherent in society that is both powerful and important. It demonstrates this by playing a vital role in the development of a person s perspective on political, economic and socio-cultural issues. This consequently helps to shape individuals viewpoints of the world and define their lives through the interpretation of media texts. (Newman, 2004). Bazalgette supported Newman s point by stating Media studies open up your understanding of how things work, how peopleRead MoreMedia s Negative Images Of Health Care1215 Words à |à 5 Pages Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Name Institution Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Media has portrayed many negative images of healthcare through television including movies. It is important that media presents positive images of healthcare to influence positive public perceptions on healthcare delivery. Health care television shows have portrayed nurses as handmaidens to doctors, ââ¬Ënaughtyââ¬â¢, battle-axesââ¬â¢, sex objects, self-sacrificial angelsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words à |à 4 PagesToday violence is the gold of television. 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It is something about the constant drama that keeps my glued to the TV screen ââ¬â the constant shouting and fussing, not to mentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Reality Television In Our Society Can Be1509 Words à |à 7 Pages The effects of reality television in our society can be seen within the people and even within the government. Reality TV has affected our society in some drastic ways. Reality television started off by showing families suppo rting each other and being loving, this no longer the case in the year 2017. Reality TV is now promoting acts of aggression, twisting the society s morals, and values. This genre of television has greatly influenced some preposterous behaviors within teenage viewers and undoubtedlyRead MoreTelevision Is An American Staple Essay1042 Words à |à 5 PagesTelevision is an American staple. According to Mitchell Stephens, Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication at New York University, Television as we know it, was first introduced in 1927.(Stevens) currently over 98% of American households have at least 1 television set and the average American watches around 3 to 4 hours of television daily. The thought that television can entertain and inform as well as influence is equally powerful and disturbing. As early as the 1920 s, Thomas EdisonRead MoreDiscuss The Article ââ¬ËReinforcing The Myth: Constructing1546 Words à |à 7 Pagesarticle ââ¬ËReinforcing the myth: Construc ting Australian identity in ââ¬Å"reality TVâ⬠ââ¬â¢. The main contention in Price Ermaââ¬â¢s article ââ¬Ë Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in ââ¬Å"reality TVâ⬠ââ¬â¢ which published online on May 2010, is to portray the myth of Australian identity shows in TV that there is a balance to measure how much is true, how much is false. Erma leads the reader to understand that the myth is against ââ¬Ëreality TVââ¬â¢ because there always has tension between ideas of credibilityRead MoreThe Truman Show By Peter Weir Essay1236 Words à |à 5 Pagesin the 90ââ¬â¢s. The movieââ¬â¢s message to us is that we are stuck in a media landscape full of fantasies that is catered to the interests of more powerful people. If we want to live an authentic life and be free, we should put distance between ourselves and the comfort that is our media filled culture. We have to leave the safety that is the mediaââ¬â¢s grasp and be willing to live in the world the way it actually is. In the 1990ââ¬â¢s, televis ion culture in particular was in full swing. Television is such a powerfulRead MoreThe Stereotypical Reality Of Television1624 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Stereotypical Reality in TV Although television can sometimes be educational, it is often agreed that reality TV creates dangerous stereotypes. These days, it seems like producers are willing to turn almost anything into a an hour long weekly series. Another growing concern that may indirectly promote stereotypes is the issue of privacy in reality TV. It is said that ââ¬Å"participants in reality shows have openly admitted that giving the public access to the most personal moments of their livesRead MoreFactors that Contribute to the Popularity of Reality Shows on TV874 Words à |à 4 Pagesand engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewersââ¬â¢ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant to research this interactive form of reality television that encourages deeper audience
Smu 1st Sem Assmnt Questions 2010 Free Essays
Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0041 ââ¬â Financial and Management Accounting ââ¬â 4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. Q. We will write a custom essay sample on Smu 1st Sem Assmnt Questions 2010 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Explain the Various accounting Concepts and Principles? Q. 2 Pass journal entries for the following transactions 1. Madan commenced business with cash Rs. 70000 2. Purchased goods on credit 14000 3. Withdrew for private use 3000 4. Goods purchased for cash 12000 5. Paid wages 5000 Q. 3 Explain the various types of errors disclosed by Trial Balance? [10 Marks] [10 Marks] 10 Marks] Q. 4 From the following balances extracted from Trial balance, prepare Trading Account. The closing stock at the end of the period is Rs. 56000 Particulars Stock on 1-1-2004 Returns inwards Returns outwards Purchases Debtors Creditors Carriage inwards Carriage outwards Import duty on materials received from abroad Clearing charges Rent of business shop Royalty paid to extract materials Amount in Rs. 70700 3000 3000 102000 56000 45000 5000 4000 6000 7000 12000 10000 10 Marks] Fall 2010 Fire insurance on stock Wages paid to workers Office salaries Cash discount Gas, electricity and water Sales 000 8000 10000 1000 4000 250000 Q. 5 Differentiate Financial Accounting and Management accounting? [10 Marks] Q. 6 Following is the Balance Sheet of M/s Srinivas Ltd. You are required to prepare a Fund Flow Statement Particulars Equity Share capital Profit Loss 14,750 17,000 31,000 15,000 16,500 2006 50,000 2007 65,000 Particulars Cash balances Debtors Investment 25,000 5,000 27,000 nil 80,000 (7000) 2006 10,000 2007 13,000 [10 Marks] Trade Creditors 29,000 Mortgage 10,000 Fixed Assets 50,000 Less: Depreciation (5,250) Short term loans 15,000 Accrued expenses 8,000 7,500 Goodwill 5,000 nil Stock Total 1, 26,750 1, 52,000 Total 37,000 1, 26,750 39,000 1, 52,000 Additional Information: 1. Depreciation provided is Rs. 1750. 2. Write off goodwill. 3. Dividend paid Rs. 3500. Fall 2010 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0041 ââ¬â Financial and Management Accounting ââ¬â 4 Credits (Book ID :B1130) Assignment Set- 2 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. Q. 1 Explain the tools of Management accounting? Marks] Q. 2 Find the contribution and profit earned if the selling price per unit is Rs. 25, variable cost per unit Rs. 20 and fixed cost Rs. ,05,000 for the output of 80,000 units. [10 Marks] Q. 3 Explain the essential features of budgetary control? Marks] Q. 4 A large retail stores makes 25% of its sales for cash and the balance on 30 days net. Due to faulty collection practice, there have been losses from bad debts to the e xtent [10 [10 of 1 % of credit sales on average in the past. The experience of the store tells that normally 60 % of credit sales are collected in the month following the sale, 25% in the second following month and 14 % in the third following month. Sales in the preceding three months have been January 2007 Rs. 80,000, February Rs. ,00,000 and March Rs. 1,40,000. Sales for the next three months are estimated as April Rs. 1,50,000, May Rs. 1,10,000 and June Rs. 1,00,000. Prepare a schedule of projected cash collection. [10 Marks] Q. 5 A factory works on standard costing system. The standard estimates of material for the manufacture of 1000 units of a commodity are 400 kg at Rs. 2. 50 per kg. When 2000 units of a commodity are manufactured, it is found that 820 kgs of material is consumed at Rs. 2. 60 per kg. Calculate the material variance Marks] Q. 6 The Anchor Company Ltd produces most of its electrical parts in its own plant. The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 5 per part. If this were done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000 [10 Fall 2010 The part under consideration is manufactured in Department 1 along with numerous other parts. On account of discontinuing the production of this part, Department 1 would have somewhat reduced operations. The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing this part on per unit basis are as follows. Material Labour (half-hour) Fixed overheads Total costs Rs. 1. 80 2. 40 0. 80 5. 00 [10 Marks] How to cite Smu 1st Sem Assmnt Questions 2010, Papers
Friday, April 24, 2020
The Internet Past And Future Essays - Cultural Globalization
The Internet: Past And Future The Internet is an extension of a computer network originally formed in the United States during the 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Working under contract to the U.S. Department of Defense, ARPA initially connected computers at the Stanford Research Institute in California, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah. This original network, the very first computer network, was called ARPANET (ARPA NETwork). Scientists built ARPANET with the intention of creating a network that would still be able to function efficiently if part of the network was damaged. This concept was important to military organizations, which were studying ways to maintain a working communications network in the event of nuclear war. As ARPANET grew in the 1970s, with more and more universities and institutions connecting to it, users found it necessary to establish standards for the way that data was transmitted over the network. To meet the needs of data transmission standards, computer scientists developed the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). During the 1970s various government, scientific, and academic groups developed their own networks. Examples include the Department of Energy's (DoE) Magnetic Fusion Energy Network (MFENet), the High Energy Physics NETwork (HEPNET), and the National Science Foundation NETwork (see NSFNET). In 1989 English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee initially designed the WWW to aid communication between physicists who were working in different parts of the world for the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN). As it grew, however, the WWW revolutionized the use of the Internet. During the early 1990s increasingly large numbers of users who were not part of the scientific or academic communities began to use the Internet, due in large part to the ability of the WWW to easily handle multimedia documents. A major challenge facing the continued growth of the Internet is the difficulty of providing enough bandwidth to sustain the network. As Internet applications become more sophisticated, and as more people around the world use the Internet, the amount of information transmitted across the Internet will demand very high bandwidth connections. While many communications companies are attempting to develop higher bandwidth technologies, it is not known whether the technology will be able to satisfactorily keep up with demand. In order to accommodate the increasing number of users, the non-profit organization University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID) is working on the construction of Internet 2. Internet 2 will add more bandwidth, or available communication lines, to the current information superhighway in order to accommodate larger packets of data. UCAID members include representatives from universities, the government, and the computer industry. Another important question facing Internet growth is the issue of censorship. Because the Internet has grown so rapidly, governments have been slow to regulate its use and to pass laws regarding what content is acceptable. Many Internet users also see such laws as an infringement on their right to free speech. In 1996 the Congress of the United States passed the Communications Decency Act, which made it a crime to transmit indecent material over the Internet. This decision resulted in an immediate outcry from users, industry experts, and civil liberties groups opposed to such censorship. In 1997 the United States Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional because it violated First Amendment rights to free speech. Lawmakers responded in 1998 by passing a narrower antipornography bill, the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). This law required commercial WWW sites to ensure that children could not access material deemed ?harmful to minors.? In 1999 a federal judge blocked that bill as well, ruling that it too would dangerously restrict constitutionally protected free speech. Increasing commercial use of the Internet has heightened security and privacy concerns. With a credit or debit card, Internet users can order almost anything from an Internet site and have it delivered to their home or office. Companies doing business over the Internet must have very sophisticated security measures in place so that information such as credit card, bank account, and social security numbers cannot be accessed by unauthorized users (see Computer Security). Similarly, government facilities, universities, and institutions must ensure that access
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